To viktige avsnitt fra bloggposten:
Political scientists, including myself, have focused too much attention on “persuasion” as the mechanism by which policy change happens. Unless that term is given a broader meaning than normal, “persuasion” fails to capture the concrete combat that dwarfs most rhetorical efforts, even if it is often harder to see and study. This includes efforts at excluding the other side from key institutions, at silencing opponents, at keeping others' ideas off the agenda, at fighting back even after a policy has been established (see the continuing court battles over California’s Prop 8), and of course at raising money.
Finally, political scientists, in this case not including myself, have put too much faith in the power of deliberation to elevate the decision processes of leaders and citizens. Recent work on deliberative democracy finally seems to be getting this criticism. Many "target" audiences are beyond persuasion, due to self-interest or ideology. And few promoters of ideas, whether new or old, truly want a free and fair debate. Obviously such debate would be optimal--if it were possible to establish agreement on what that would mean, not in the abstract, but in an actual political conflict. In reality, decisions are invariably made in the absence of the kind of deliberation political philosophers would prefer.Apropos: sjekk ut denne artikkelen av Jackson og Krebs: Twisting arms and twisting tongues. Den sier noe interessant om retorikk som maktbruk, og om hvorfor aktører i offentlig debatt oftere forsøker å finte ut sine motstandere enn å overbevise dem.
Det store, stygge poenget her er at vi egentlig ikke ønsker oss en fri og rettferdig debatt. Verken samfunnsdebattantene eller folk flest har noe særlig ambisjoner om å være fleksible eller åpne for det bedre argumentet. Vi ønsker å vinne diskusjonen, ikke å forstå motpartens argumenter. Ikke veldig trivelig å tenke på, men jeg er redd det er sant.
Denne saken fra The Onion oppsummerer følelsen: Open-Minded Man Grimly Realizes How Much Life He's Wasted Listening To Bullshit:
"Jesus Christ," said Richman, taking in the overwhelming volume of useless crap he's actively listened to over the years. "My whole life I've made a concerted effort to give people a fair shake and understand different points of view because I felt that everyone had something valuable to offer, but it turns out most of what they had to offer was complete bullshit."
"Seriously," Richman added, "what have I gained from treating everyone's opinion with respect? Nothing. Absolutely nothing."Nei, hva er egentlig poenget med alt sammen?
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PS: Bob refererer til en artikkel medforfattet av Andreas Føllesdal, om hvordan teorier om deliberativt demokrati bør forholde seg til makt og egeninteresse. Denne artikkelen ligger dessverre bak en betalingsmur, så jeg vet ikke hva hele argumentet er. Fyttikatta, så lei jeg er av betalingsmurer.
PSPS: Det er mye interessant i artikkelarkivet til Bob, for eksempel denne: Merchants of Morality om hvordan aktivistgrupper må gå på akkord med sine prinsipper for å få internasjonal oppmerksomhet. Særlig relevant lesing for folk som bor i land som deler ut fredspriser.
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